Milk

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For other senses of this word, see milk (disambiguation).

Milk is the nutrient fluid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals (including monotremes). The female ability to produce milk is one of the defining characteristics of mammals. It provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to digest more diverse foods. Humans, like other mammals, consume mother's milk during their infancy, but many human societies consume the milk of domesticated ruminants as well, especially milk from cows, but also that from sheep, goats, yaks, water buffalo, horses and camels. Milk can be processed into dairy products such as cream, butter, yogurt, ice cream, cheese, casein, whey protein, lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, and many other food-additive and industrial products. Milk contains significant amounts of saturated fat, protein and calcium, although these amounts are not large in comparison to other foods rich in them, including coconuts, fish, and kale respectively.

Aquatic mammals, such as seals and whales, produce milk that is very rich in fats and other solid nutrients when compared with land mammals' milk.

The term milk is also used for the processed meat and juice of the coconut, non-animal substitutes such as soy milk, rice milk, and almond milk, and even the regurgitated substance pigeons feed their young, called crop milk, which bears little resemblance to mammalian milk.

Human milk is fed to infants through breastfeeding, either directly or by expressing the milk to be stored and consumed later. The early lactation milk is known as colostrum, and carries the mother's antibodies to the baby. It can reduce the risk of many diseases in both the mother and baby.

History

Animal milk was first used as human food at the beginning of animal domestication. Cow's milk was first used as human food in the Middle East. Goats and sheep were domesticated in the Middle East between 9000 and 8000 BC. Goats and sheep are ruminants: mammals adapted to survive on a diet of dry grass, a food source otherwise useless to humans, and one that is easily stockpiled. The animals were probably first kept for meat and hides, but dairying proved to be a more efficient way of turning uncultivated grasslands into sustenance: the food value of an animal killed for meat can be matched by perhaps one year's worth of milk from the same animal, which will keep producing milk — in convenient daily portions — for years. (McGee 8–10)

Around 7000 BC, cattle were being herded in parts of Turkey. Milk was also consumed in the British Isles during the Neolithic period. The use of cheese and butter spread in Europe, parts of Asia and parts of Africa. Cattle were then introduced to European colonies after the Age of exploration.

In the Western world today, cow's milk is extracted on an industrial scale for human consumption and industrial uses. It is the most commonly consumed form of milk. Commercial-scale dairy farming using automated milking equipment produces the vast majority of milk in many countries. Types of cattle such as the Holstein have been specially bred for increased milk production. According to McGee, 90% of the dairy cows in the United States are Holsteins, and 85% in Great Britain. (McGee 12). Other milk cows in the United States include Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Jersey, and Milking Shorthorn. The largest producers of dairy products and milk today are India followed by USA<ref>FAO Food outlook: International dairy product prices are turning down: how far, how fast? FAO online publication, 1 June 2006</ref> and New Zealand.

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